Since independence from Portugal in 1974, Guinea-Bissau has confronted persistent instability marked by 4 profitable coups, a number of coup makes an attempt and political violence, together with the 2009 killing of President Nino Vieira. Current clashes in 2023 and 2021 spotlight ongoing turmoil. Poverty, corruption and pervasive drug trafficking have deepened the disaster, with the UN labelling Guinea-Bissau a ‘narcostate’ as a consequence of cartel infiltration throughout state establishments.
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