U.S. Strikes on Iran Violate UN Constitution and Could Be Battle Crimes

[ad_1] The USA and Israel initiated strikes on Iran over one month in the past, on February 28, 2026. The assault was a transparent violation of the United Nations Constitution. The conduct of the conflict, and statements of U.S. officers, additionally elevate critical issues about violations of worldwide humanitarian legislation, together with potential conflict crimes. We have now written the under assertion along with over 100 U.S.-based worldwide legislation consultants, to element our profound issues concerning the conflict. The letter is signed by worldwide legislation consultants throughout the USA, together with senior professors; leaders of distinguished worldwide legislation associations, non-governmental organizations, and authorized clinics; former authorities authorized advisors; and army legislation consultants and former Choose Advocates Common (JAGs).

We, the undersigned U.S.-based worldwide legislation consultants, professors, and practitioners write to specific profound concern about critical violations of worldwide legislation and alarming rhetoric by the USA, Israel, and Iran within the current armed battle within the Center East.

Attributable to our connection to the USA, our focus right here is on the conduct of the U.S. authorities, however we stay involved concerning the danger of atrocities throughout the area together with the persevering with dangers posed by the Iranian authorities to Iranians by way of violent crackdowns on dissent, and to civilians throughout the Center East by way of Iran’s ongoing illegal strikes on civilian infrastructure utilizing explosive weapons in densely populated areas.

One month has handed since the USA and Israel launched strikes throughout Iran. The initiation of the marketing campaign was a transparent violation of the United Nations Constitution, and the conduct of United States forces since, in addition to statements made by senior authorities officers, elevate critical issues about violations of worldwide human rights legislation and worldwide humanitarian legislation, together with potential conflict crimes.

We collectively affirm the significance of equal software of worldwide legislation to all, together with nations that maintain themselves out as world leaders. Latest statements from senior U.S. authorities officers describing the foundations governing army engagement as “silly” and prioritizing “lethality” over “legality” are profoundly alarming and dangerously short-sighted. These claims, notably together with the observable conduct of U.S. forces, are harming the worldwide authorized order and the system of worldwide legislation that now we have devoted our lives to selling.

The conflict, which is costing U.S. taxpayers between $1-2 billion every day, is imposing vital hurt to civilians within the area, has resulted within the lack of a whole lot of civilian lives throughout the Center East, and is inflicting serious environmental and financial harms.

We write to specific our concern about 1) jus advert bellum, or the choice to go to conflict, 2) jus in bello, or the conduct of hostilities, 3) rhetoric and threats from senior U.S. officers and their allies, which portend additional abuses, and 4) the decimation of civilian hurt mitigation buildings inside the U.S. authorities as part of U.S. Secretary of Protection Pete Hegseth’s “gloves off” strategy to warfare.

1. Jus advert bellum issues: The strikes launched by the USA and Israel on February 28, 2026 clearly violated the United Nations Constitution prohibition on the usage of pressure. Drive towards one other state is only permitted in self-defense towards an precise or imminent armed assault or the place approved by the UN Safety Council. The Safety Council didn't authorize the assault. Iran didn't assault Israel or the USA. Regardless of the Trump administration’s varied and sometimes conflicting claims on the contrary, there's no evidence that Iran posed an imminent risk that might floor a self-defense declare. Many worldwide legislation consultants have concluded that Israel and the USA’ actions violate the UN Constitution, together with the President and President-elect of the American Society of Worldwide Regulation, and the President of the American Department of the Worldwide Regulation Affiliation; UN Secretary-Common António Guterres additionally condemned the assaults as undermining worldwide peace and safety.

2. Considerations about violations of worldwide humanitarian legislation : The legal guidelines of armed battle constrain the conduct of hostilities of all events to the continued battle. We're involved that these basic guidelines might have been violated, together with within the context of reported strikes on civilians and civilian objects akin to political leaders who don't have any army position, oil and fuel infrastructure , together with South Pars , and water desalination crops. On March 19, UN Excessive Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk condemned strikes on vitality infrastructure, noting their “disastrous” impacts for civilians.

We're significantly involved about strikes which have hit colleges, well being services, and houses. The Iranian Purple Crescent reports that “67,414 civilian websites have been struck, of which 498 are colleges and 236 well being services.” A report by main civil society organizations discovered that no less than 1,443 Iranian civilians, together with 217 kids, had been killed by U.S. and Israeli forces between February 28 and March 23.

The strike on Minab main college is especially regarding. On February 28, Shajareh Tayyebeh Main College in Minab, Iran, was struck, ensuing within the deaths of no less than 175 folks, a lot of them kids, according to Iranian officers. Based mostly on easily accessible online information and commercially obtainable satellite tv for pc imagery, it seems the constructing had been used as a school for a decade. President Trump denied U.S. accountability, falsely stating that “It was achieved by Iran.” Nevertheless, a preliminary investigation by the Division of Protection reportedly decided that the U.S. carried out the strike, and the focusing on had been based mostly on outdated intelligence. The strike possible violates worldwide humanitarian legislation, and if proof is discovered that these accountable had been reckless , it is also a war crime . The strike is among the many deadliest single assaults by the U.S. army on civilians in current a long time.

3. Considerations about rhetoric and threats from senior officers. We're deeply involved concerning the harmful rhetoric authorities officers have engaged in through the conflict, together with:

a. Threatened denial of quarter: On March 13, Secretary of Protection Pete Hegseth stated “We are going to hold pushing, hold advancing, no quarter, no mercy for our enemies.” In international law , it's “ especially forbidden ” to “declare that no quarter can be given,” a prohibition additionally set out within the Division of Protection’s personal legislation of conflict manual . Hegseth’s assertion possible violates worldwide humanitarian legislation in addition to the U.S. Battle Crimes statute 18 U.S.C. 2441 . Ordering or threatening no quarter is a war crime .

b. Dismissal of guidelines of engagement and worldwide legislation: Secretary of Protection Hegseth’s “no quarter” assertion adopted equally alarming statements by the Secretary, together with on September 25, 2025 and March 2, 2026 that the U.S. doesn't struggle with “silly guidelines of engagement.” On January 8, 2026 President Trump had made the disturbing remark that “I don’t want worldwide legislation.” On March 13, he stated that the U.S. might conduct strikes on Iran “only for enjoyable.”

c. Threats on vitality infrastructure: President Trump threatened on March 13, 2026: “I might take out issues inside the subsequent hour, energy crops that create the electrical energy, that create the water… We might do issues that might be so dangerous they might actually by no means rebuild as a nation once more.” Worldwide legislation protects from assault objects indispensable to the survival of civilians, and the assaults threatened by Trump, if carried out, might entail conflict crimes. On March 21, President Trump additional threatened to “obliterate” energy crops in Iran. U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Mike Waltz, defended energy plant assaults the following day, and in addition stated that placing nuclear energy crops was not off the desk. It's prohibited to assault civilian vitality infrastructure. If an influence plant has each civilian and army functions (“dual-use”), it could be thought-about a army goal where it makes “an efficient contribution to army motion” and the assault “affords a particular army benefit.” Nevertheless, any strike should respect the rules of proportionality and precautions in assault. The proportionality precept prohibits assaults anticipated to trigger incidental civilian hurt that might be extreme in relation to the army benefit. The civilian hurt to be thought-about contains foreseeable reverberating or oblique hurt. In any assault, “all possible precautions” must be taken to keep away from civilian hurt.

Assaults on nuclear energy crops, even when they've a army goal, require particular care due to the excessive danger of releasing radiation and radioactive materials and consequent extreme hurt to the civilian inhabitants. Such a strike might hurt the well being and security of hundreds of thousands of civilians. On March 23, 2026, the ICRC President Mirjana Spoljaric Egger expressed her deep concern, noting that “Battle on important infrastructure is conflict on civilians” and described threats to nuclear energy crops as “Most alarming.”

4. Considerations about institutional safeguards towards additional violations: Because the begin of the second Trump administration, the Protection Division underneath Secretary Hegseth has intentionally and systematically weakened the protections meant to make sure compliance with worldwide humanitarian legislation. This contains eradicating senior army attorneys with out publicly citing misconduct, and changing the Military, Navy, and Air Drive choose advocates basic, immediately undermining authorized oversight of fight operations. It has additionally abolished “civilian setting groups” and different mechanisms particularly designed to restrict hurt to civilians throughout operations. The 2026 Nationwide Protection Technique omits references to civilian safety and worldwide legislation fully. These modifications are particularly regarding in gentle of Protection Secretary Pete Hegseth’s feedback that guidelines of engagement intrude with “preventing to win.”

We're gravely involved that the conduct and threats outlined listed here are inflicting critical hurt to civilians within the Center East, and that additionally they contribute to escalating the battle, damaging the setting and the worldwide financial system, and that they danger degrading the rule of legislation and basic norms that shield each nation’s civilians. Public statements by senior officers point out an alarming disrespect for the foundations of worldwide humanitarian legislation accepted by states, and which shield each civilians and members of the armed forces.

We urge U.S. authorities officers to uphold the UN Constitution, worldwide humanitarian legislation, and human rights legislation always, and to publicly clarify U.S. dedication to and respect for norms of worldwide legislation.

We remind all states of their authorized obligations to not help or help the USA, Israel, or Iran within the fee of internationally wrongful acts , in addition to to cooperate to carry to an finish by way of lawful means critical breaches of peremptory norms of general international law ( jus cogens ) together with the prohibition of aggression and the fundamental guidelines of worldwide humanitarian legislation.

We additionally urge the U.S. governments’ allies and cooperating companions to take steps to respect and guarantee respect for worldwide humanitarian legislation, consistent with Common Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions and related customary international law . The USA has itself acknowledged that states ought to search to advertise adherence by others to worldwide humanitarian legislation. The Worldwide Committee of the Purple Cross 2016 Commentary on the First Geneva Conference of 1949 supplies {that a} state is “in a novel place to affect the habits” of associate states the place the state “participates within the financing, equipping, arming or coaching of the armed forces of a Occasion to a battle, even plans, carries out and debriefs operations collectively with such forces.”

Signed, *

William J. Aceves Chief Justice Roger Traynor Professor of Regulation California Western College of Regulation

E. Tendayi Achiume Professor of Regulation Stanford Regulation College

Rabiat Akande Wilson H. Elkins Chair and Affiliate Professor College of Maryland College of Regulation

Susan Akram Medical Professor of Regulation Director, Worldwide Human Rights Clinic Boston College College of Regulation

Philip Alston John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Regulation NYU College of Regulation

José E. Alvarez Herbert and Rose Rubin Professor of Worldwide Regulation NYU College of Regulation School Director, US-Asia Regulation Institute

Diane Marie Amann Visiting Professor, LSE Regulation College Particular Adviser to the Worldwide Prison Court docket Prosecutor on Kids in & affected by Armed Battle (2012-2021)

Baher Azmy Authorized Director Middle for Constitutional Rights

Sandra L. Babcock Medical Professor of Regulation Director, Worldwide Human Rights Clinic Cornell Regulation College

Aslı Ü. Bâli Howard M. Holtzmann Professor of Regulation Yale Regulation College

Thomas B. Becker, Jr. Authorized & Coverage Director, College Community for Human Rights

Carolyn P. Blum Medical Professor of Regulation, Emerita Berkeley Regulation, College of California

Christine Bustany Senior Lecturer in Worldwide Regulation Fletcher College of Regulation and Diplomacy

Charli Carpenter Professor of Political Science College of Massachusetts Division of Political Science

Christina M. Cerna Adjunct Professor of Regulation (ret.) Georgetown College Regulation Centre Inter-American Fee on Human Rights (ret.), OAS

Sandra Coliver Former Govt Director Middle for Justice and Accountability

Jorge Contesse Professor of Regulation Rutgers Regulation College

Cody Corliss Affiliate Professor of Regulation West Virginia College School of Regulation

Avidan Y. Cowl Professor of Regulation Case Western Reserve College College of Regulation

Rebecca Crootof Nancy Litchfield Hicks Professor of Regulation College of Richmond College of Regulation

Jamil Dakwar Director, ACLU Human Rights Program Adjunct Professor, New York College and Hunter School

Tom Dannenbaum Professor of Regulation, Stanford Regulation College Frank Stanton Professor of Nuclear Safety Senior Fellow, Freeman Spogli Institute for Worldwide Research, Stanford College

Frederick T. Davis Lecturer in Regulation, Columbia Regulation College Principal, Fred Davis Regulation Workplace

Christian M. De Vos Visiting Assistant Professor Metropolis College of New York College of Regulation

Laura Dickinson Lyle T. Alverson Professor of Regulation The George Washington College Regulation College

Joseph F.C. DiMento Distinguished Professor of Regulation College of California Irvine

Stephanie Farrior Professor of Regulation (ret.)

Eugene R. Fidell Visiting Lecturer in Regulation Senior Analysis Scholar Yale Regulation College

Martin S. Flaherty Charles and Marie Robertson Visiting Professor College of Public and Worldwide Affairs, Princeton College

Laurel Fletcher Chancellor’s Medical Professor of Regulation UC Berkeley, College of Regulation

Claudia Flores Medical Professor of Regulation Director, Allard Ok. Lowenstein Worldwide Human Rights Clinic School Co-Director, Orville H. Schell Jr. Middle for Worldwide Human Rights Yale Regulation College

Idriss Fofana Assistant Professor of Regulation Harvard Regulation College

Barbara Frey Director Emerita, Human Rights Program College of Minnesota

Hannah R. Garry Medical Professor of Regulation Founding School Director, Donna and Spencer Gilbert World Justice & Human Rights Middle Founding Director, Worldwide Human Rights Clinic College of Southern California (USC) Gould College of Regulation

James A. Goldston Govt Director Open Society Justice Initiative

Jonathan Hafetz Professor of Regulation Seton Corridor Regulation College

Lisa Hajjar Professor of Sociology College of California – Santa Barbara

Rebecca Hamilton Professor of Regulation American College, Washington School of Regulation

Hurst Hannum Professor Emeritus of Worldwide Regulation Fletcher College of Regulation and Diplomacy Tufts College

Oona A. Hathaway Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of Worldwide Regulation, Yale Regulation College Professor, Yale College Division of Political Science School, Jackson College of World Affairs, Yale College Director, Middle for World Authorized Challenges, Yale Regulation College President-elect, American Society of Worldwide Regulation

Adil Haque Distinguished Professor of Regulation and Choose Jon O. Newman Scholar Rutgers Regulation College

Hadar Harris Founder and Principal Rights and Justice Consulting

Lindsay M. Harris Professor of Regulation Director, Worldwide Human Rights Clinic College of San Francisco College of Regulation

Sarah Harrison Former Affiliate Common Counsel Division of Protection

J. Benton Heath Affiliate Professor of Regulation Temple College College of Regulation

Paul Hoffman Director, Defending Democracy Clinic College of California at Irvine College of Regulation Accomplice, Schonbrun DeSimone Seplow Harris & Hoffman, LLP

David B. Hunter Professor Emeritus American College Washington School of Regulation

Deena R. Hurwitz, Esq.

Rebecca Ingber Professor of Regulation Cardozo Regulation Co-Director, Floersheimer Middle for Constitutional Democracy Senior Fellow, Reiss Middle on Regulation and Safety, NYU College of Regulation Former Counselor, Workplace of the Authorized Advisor, U.S Division of State

Tejal Jesrani Human Rights Medical Teacher Director, TrialWatch Venture Columbia Regulation College

Brett Jones Charles E. Scheidt Human Rights Visiting Assistant Medical Professor Benjamin N. Cardozo College of Regulation

Kelsey Jost-Creegan Lecturer in Regulation Deputy Director Smith Household Human Rights Clinic Columbia Regulation College

Dr Ioannis Kalpouzos Visiting Professor Harvard Regulation College

Jeffrey Kahn Professor of Regulation Director, Program on Regulation and Authorities American College Washington School of Regulation

David Kaye Medical Professor of Regulation UC Irvine College of Regulation UN Particular Rapporteur on freedom of opinion and expression (2014 – 2020) U.S. Member, European Fee for Democracy by way of Regulation (“Venice Fee”)

Pardiss Kebriaei Senior Workers Legal professional Middle for Constitutional Rights

Michael J. Kelly Professor of Regulation Senator Allen A. Sekt Endowed Chair in Regulation Director, Kaiman Middle for Worldwide Prison Justice & Holocaust Research Creighton College

Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum Professor of Regulation Benjamin N. Cardozo College of Regulation

John H. Knox Henry C. Lauerman Professor of Worldwide Regulation Wake Forest College College of Regulation Former UN Particular Rapporteur on human rights and the setting

Harold Hongju Koh Sterling Professor of Worldwide Regulation Yale Regulation College

Steven Arrigg Koh R. Gordon Butler Scholar in Worldwide Regulation Boston College College of Regulation

Jeremy Konyndyk President, Refugees Worldwide

David A. Koplow Scott Ok. Ginsburg Professor of Regulation Georgetown College Regulation Middle

Christopher Kutz C. William Maxeiner Distinguished Professor of Regulation Philosophy and Political Science (by courtesy) Berkeley Regulation College, UC Berkeley

Beatrice Lindstrom Senior Medical Teacher and Lecturer on Regulation Harvard Regulation College

Katerina Linos I. Michael Heyman Professor of Regulation Co-School Director, Miller Institute for World Challenges and the Regulation UC Berkeley, College of Regulation

Bert Lockwood Distinguished Service Professor Director of the City Morgan Institute for Human Rights College of Cincinnati School of Regulation Editor-in-Chief, Human Rights Quarterly

David Luban Distinguished College Professor Georgetown College Regulation Middle

Kate Waterproof coat Govt Director, Professor from Observe UCLA’s The Promise Institute for Human Rights (Europe)

David G. Mandel-Anthony School Teacher, Binghamton College Institute for Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention (I-GMAP) Former Deputy to the Ambassador-at-Massive for World Prison Justice, U.S. Division of State

Sarah Margon Founder and Principal, Windsong Advisory Former Director of US International Coverage at Open Society Foundations

Joseph Margulies Professor of the Observe of Authorities Cornell College

Craig Martin Professor of Regulation Co-Director, Worldwide and Comparative Regulation Middle Washburn College College of Regulation

Elisa Massimino Visiting Professor of Regulation Govt Director, Human Rights Institute Georgetown College Regulation Middle

Daniel Maurer Affiliate Professor of Regulation, Ohio Northern College Pettit School of Regulation Advisor, Middle for Army Regulation & Coverage, Texas Tech College College of Regulation Board of Administrators, Nationwide Institute of Army Justice Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Military (ret.)

Juan E. Mendez Professor of Worldwide Regulation (ret.) Former UN Particular Rapporteur on Torture (2010-2016) Washington School of Regulation, American College

Homosexual J. McDougall Former Vice Chair and 3-term Member, UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Former UN Particular Rapporteur on Minorities (2005-2011) MacArthur Award Fellow, 1999 Senior Fellow and Distinguished Scholar-in-Residence Leitner Middle for Worldwide Regulation and Justice / Middle for Race, Regulation and Justice Fordham College College of Regulation

Margaret E. McGuinness Professor of Regulation Co-Director, Middle for Worldwide and Comparative Regulation St. John’s College College of Regulation

Chi Adanna Mgbako Medical Professor of Regulation Director, Walter Leitner Worldwide Human Rights Clinic Fordham Regulation College

Zinaida Miller Professor of Regulation & Worldwide Affairs Northeastern College

Saira Mohamed Agnes Roddy Robb Chair in Jurisprudence, Ethics, and Social Accountability Professor of Regulation UC Berkeley, College of Regulation

Bridget Moix Common Secretary, Mates Committee on Nationwide Laws

Priyanka Motaparthy Director, Middle for Worldwide Human Rights Medical Professor Northwestern Pritzker College of Regulation

Karen Musalo Financial institution of America Basis Chair in Worldwide Regulation Professor & Director, Middle for Gender & Refugee Research U.C. Regulation, San Francisco

Aryeh Neier President Emeritus, Open Society Foundations Former Govt Director, Human Rights Watch Former Govt Director, American Civil Liberties Union

Mary Ellen O’Connell Robert and Marion Quick Professor of Regulation Concurrent Professor of Worldwide Peace Research College of Notre Dame

Diane Orentlicher Professor Emerita American College Washington School of Regulation

Arzoo Osanloo Professor of Anthropology Co-Director of the Human Rights Initiative Princeton College

Jessica Peake Director, Worldwide & Comparative Regulation Program UCLA College of Regulation

Stephen J. Rapp Senior Fellow, Middle for Nationwide Safety Regulation, Georgetown Regulation College Former US Ambassador-at-Massive for World Prison Justice (2009-2015)

Paul Rink Affiliate Professor of Regulation Seton Corridor Regulation College

Francisco J. Rivera Juaristi Medical Professor of Regulation Santa Clara Regulation

Scott Roehm Adjunct Professor of Regulation Georgetown Regulation College

Dr. Cesare P.R. Romano Professor of Regulation W. Joseph Ford Fellow Loyola Regulation College, Los Angeles

Gabor Rona Professor of Observe Cardozo Regulation College

Naomi Roht-Arriaza Distinguished Professor of Regulation Emerita UC Regulation San Francisco

Brad R. Roth Professor of Political Science and Regulation Wayne State College

Kenneth Roth Charles and Marie Robertson Visiting Professor Princeton College of Public and Worldwide Affairs Former Govt Director, Human Rights Watch

Susana SáCouto Professorial Lecturer-in-Residence Director, Battle Crimes Analysis Workplace Director, Summer season Regulation Program in The Hague American College Washington School of Regulation

Leila Nadya Sadat James Carr Professor of Worldwide Prison Regulation Washington College College of Regulation Director, Crimes Towards Humanity Initiative Chair, Worldwide Regulation Affiliation (American Department) Former Particular Advisor on Crimes Towards Humanity to the ICC Prosecutor (2013-2023)

Margaret L. Satterthwaite Professor of Regulation NYU College of Regulation

Beth Van Schaack Former Ambassador-at-Massive for World Prison Justice, U.S. State Division Visiting Fellow (Feb. 2026 – June 2026) European College Institute Distinguished Fellow Middle for Human Rights & Worldwide Justice, Stanford College

Michael P. Scharf President of the American Department of the Worldwide Regulation Affiliation Joseph C. Hostetler – BakerHostetler Professor of Regulation Case Western Reserve College College of Regulation

Michael N. Schmitt Professor of Worldwide Regulation, College of Studying Professor Emeritus, US Naval Battle School Former G. Norman Lieber Distinguished Scholar, West Level

Steven M. Schneebaum Adjunct Professor Johns Hopkins College of Superior Worldwide Research Visiting Professor, Tashkent State College of Regulation, Uzbekistan

Eric Schwartz Professor of Public Affairs Chair, World Coverage College of Minnesota

Elizabeth Shackelford Distinguished Lecturer Dartmouth School

Gregory Shaffer Scott Ok. Ginsburg Professor of Worldwide Regulation Georgetown College Regulation Middle

Dinah Shelton Manatt/Ahn Professor of Regulation (Emeritus) The George Washington College Regulation College

Rebecca Shoot Co-Convener, Washington Working Group for the Worldwide Prison Court docket Co-Convener, ImPact Coalition on Strengthening Worldwide Judicial Establishments

James Silk Binger Medical Professor Emeritus of Human Rights Yale Regulation College

Matiangai Sirleaf Nathan Patz Professor of Regulation College of Maryland Francis King Carey College of Regulation Professor, Division of Epidemiology and Public Well being College of Maryland College of Drugs

David Sloss John A. and Elizabeth H. Sutro Professor of Regulation Santa Clara College College of Regulation

Stephan Sonnenberg Affiliate Professor of Observe Wesleyan College

Milena Sterio James A. Thomas Distinguished Professor of Regulation & LLM Applications Director Cleveland State College School of Regulation

Jonathan Tracy Former Choose Advocate, U.S. Military

Jennifer Trahan Medical Professor and Director of the Focus in Worldwide Regulation and Human Rights NYU Middle for World Affairs Convenor, The World Institute for the Prevention of Aggression

Rachel E. VanLandingham Lieutenant Colonel (USAF) (ret.) Professor of Regulation & Affiliate Dean for Analysis, Southwestern Regulation College President Emerita & Director, Nationwide Institute of Army Justice

Salma Waheedi Worldwide Human Rights Lawyer and MENA Authorized Advisor College Community for Human Rights

Carrie Sales space Walling Director, Human Rights Program College of Minnesota

Elisabeth Ward Medical School Founding Director, Worldwide Human Rights Regulation Clinic Govt Director, Worldwide Human Rights Regulation Institute DePaul College School of Regulation

Allen S. Weiner Senior Lecturer in Regulation Director, Stanford Program in Worldwide and Comparative Regulation Stanford Regulation College

Alex Whiting Professor of Observe Harvard Regulation College

Richard Ashby Wilson Professor of Anthropology Co-Director, Human Rights Initiative Princeton College

Richard J. Wilson Professor of Regulation Emeritus American College, Washington School of Regulation

Katharine G. Younger Professor Boston School Regulation College

* Signatories are signing of their particular person capacities and affiliations are for identification functions solely.

FEATURED IMAGE: Plumes of smoke rise following reported explosions in Tehran early on March 3, 2026. The USA and Israel began placing Iran on February 28, killing Iran's supreme chief and high army leaders, and prompting authorities to retaliate with strikes on Israel and throughout the Gulf. (Photograph by ATTA KENARE / AFP by way of Getty Photos)